Helminthosporium leaf, crown, and root diseases of turfgrasses helminthosporium leaf, crown, and root rots are a common and serious group of diseases attacking turfgrasses in the united states, including illinois. The antifungal activity of the 15 new compounds were evaluated in vitro against five pathogenic fungi, including sclerotinia sclerotiorum, gibberella zeae, rhizoctonia. These diseases are caused by the fungi bipolaris, drechslera and exserohilum, but were previously classified as helminthosporium bipolaris species cause leaf, crown and root diseases of fescue, bentgrass, ryegrass, bermudagrass and zoysiagrass during. Northern corn leaf blight helminthosporium turcicum helminthosporium turcicum, 2 become familiar with a technique of evaluating the susceptibility of corn lines to h. Study of the host range of northern corn leaf blight. Shoem perfect stage trtchometa sphaeria turcica luttret. It is characterized by large cigar shaped necrotic lesions that develop on the leaves due to the polyketide metabolite monocerin. The list is organized by the scientific name of the pathogen species capital letters, followed by the various susceptible plant hosts. Causes reddishbrown to purplishblack spots on leaves and stems which spread quickly.
Northern corn leaf blight helminthosporium turcicum pass. Brachysporium solani dematium atrovirens helminthosporium atrovirens. Exserohilum turcicum, turcicum leaf blight of maize, conidia, sponge matrix. Helminthosporium disease disease of foliage andor roots. Silver scurf is a plant disease that is caused by the plant pathogen helminthosporium solani. The following is a list of the reported pathogens from this genus helminthosporium and the hosts they infect. Genetic analysis of exserohilum turcicum lesion expansion. Long, elliptical, grayishgreen or tan lesions ranging from 2. Choose hybrid varieties with known resistance to maize northern leaf blight. Helminthosporium solani an overview sciencedirect topics. At any given time of the year, at least one species within this fungal group can be isolated. Helminthosporium definition of helminthosporium by. Sudangrass is moderately resistant to helminthosporium turcicum.
Pdf exserohilum turcicum incidence on zea mays in india. Silver scurf is a blemish disease, meaning the effect it has on tubers is mostly cosmetic and affects fresh market, processing and seed tuber potatoes. Irrigation is widely practised both to increase yield and to improve the quality of potatoes. The fungus causes a cosmetic effect on the tubers in the form of a surface blemish which gives a dirty look to the tuber. Study on the pathogenicity of exserohilum turcicum in argentina. On susceptible and resistant corn by saffet baydar a thesis presented to the faculty of the graduate college in the university of nebraska in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of master of science. Reactions of maize genotypes to exserohilum turcicum in different agroclimatic zones of uganda. Temperatures between 20 and 25 c, relative humidityfrom90to100%,andlowluminositybentolila etal. Helminthosporium solani is the fungus known to cause silver scurf on potato. Pdf book is about disease management in crops find, read and cite. Leila mehdizadeh, mohammad moghaddam, in therapeutic, probiotic, and unconventional foods, 2018.
Helminthosporium turf diseases university of wisconsin. Northern leaf blight nlb of corn, caused by exserohilum turcicum, is a yield. The causal fungi attack essentially all turfgrasses as well as numerous pasture, wild and weed grasses, and small grains. These diseases are caused by the fungi bipolaris, drechslera and exserohilum, but were previously classified as helminthosporium. Gent identification and life cycleseasonal history helminthosporium leaf blight is a general term for several diseases caused by several fungi formerly known as helminthosporium spp. Leonard and suggs, subclass loculoascomycetidae, order pleosporales, is a heterothallic ascomycete overwintering on host plant debris as dormant mycelium or as chlamydospores in the soil leach et al. Turcicum leaf blight of maize caused by the fungus setosphaeria turcica is a serious foliar disease of maize distributed widely throughout the world and causing significant yield losses. Class ascomycota, subclass dothideomycetidae, order pleosporales, family pleomassariaceae, genus helminthosporium. Management of turcicum leaf blight of maize caused by exserohilum turcicum in maize t. Popcorn germplasm resistance to fungal diseases caused by scielo.
Further physiologic specialization in helminthosporium turcicum. Genetics of resistance and pathogenicity in the maize. Predisposition to diplodia stalk rot in corn affected by three helminthosporium leaf blights helminthosporium turcicum, helminthosporium maydis, diplodia zeae. A previously undescribed race of helminthosporium turcicum is virulent to corn plants containing either gene ht2 or ht3. Gene ht1 ht for helminthosporium turcicum confers a chlorotic lesion type and was first single gene resistance, identified by hooker in 1963 in the dent inbred line ge339 and in the popcorn cv. Setosphaeria turcica luttrell leonard and suggs syn. Turcicum leaf blightsustainable management of a re. Shotwell the recent outbreak of the southern corn blight is caused by race t of fiel1l1intlzosporiulil lilaydis, a species in the fungus genus hel1l1intlzosporiu1i1 which.
In latvia, climatic factors are influential in spreading of the northern leaf blight of maize caused by setosphaeria turcica setotu, anamorph exserohilum turcicum, helminthosporium turcicum. The spots may be up to 1 inch long and 14 inch wide, but generally they are not much longer than their width fig. Setosphaeria turcica setotuoverview eppo global database. Helminthosporium is found all over the world and usually appears seasonally on dry, hot days.
Setosphaeria turcica anamorph exserohilum turcicum. Helminthosporium definition of helminthosporium by merriam. Helminthosporium helminthosporeum, a saprobic fungus that is usually isolated in clinical laboratories. Helminthosporium leaf blight is a general term for several diseases caused by several fungi formerly known as helminthosporium spp.
Predominantly golf and bowling greens of all species. Northern corn leaf blight helminthosporium turcicum merge to form streaks. For example, piper sudangrass is moderately resistant to helminthosporium turcicum. Helminthosporium, genus of fungi in the order pleosporales phylum ascomycota, kingdom fungi that exists as asexual anamorphs and causes leaf blight, especially of grasses e. Sporulation of helminthosporium turcicum on sweet corn. Portal hypertension in the presence of minimal liver damage in crohns disease on longterm azathioprine. Treat the seed, where feasible, with a recommended fungicide. Northern corn leaf blight caused by helminthosporium turcicum pass. Predisposition to diplodia stalk rot in corn affected by. The extraintestinal complications of crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. There are some reports of it affecting development, meaning growth and tuber yield.
The diseases in this group are commonly referred to as melting out, leaf spot, netblotch, and crown and root rot. Quantitative trait loci qtl involved in the resistance of maize to setosphaeria turcica, the causal agent of northern leaf blight, were located by interval mapping analysis of 121 f2. It is a serious fungal disease prevalent in cooler climates and tropical highlands wherever corn is grown. These authors also stated that it is possible to combine genes for resistance to nlb with the other agronomic traits of interest.
Monoterpene or sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives are the major components of plants essential oils, and exhibit potential antimicrobial activities and strongly inhibit microbial pathogens moghaddam et al. Management of turcicum leaf blight of maize caused by. General information about helminthosporium solani helmso eppo global database. Fine mapping of helminthosporium turcicum resistance gene ht2 is extremely valuable for mapbased cloning of the ht2 gene, gaining a better knowledge of the distribution of resistance genes in. Severe infection causes premature death and gray appearance that resembles frost or drought injury management and control 1. New resistance genes in the zea mays exserohilum turcicum.
Pdf genetics of resistance and pathogenicity in the. Fine mapping of the ht2 helminthosporium turcicum resistance. Helminthosporium turcicum, teleomorph exserohilum turcicum pass. Most, if not all, sorghumsudangrass hybrids are much more resistant than the great majority of sudangrass varieties. Symptoms include grayish green, tan, or brown elliptical spots that appear on lower leaves and spread later to upper leaves. Helminthosporium definition is a form genus of saprophytic or parasitic imperfect fungi family dematiaceae having erect conidiophores and elongate, clavate or cylindric, severalseptate spores. Helminthosporium article about helminthosporium by the. Further physiologic specialization in helminthosporium. Conidia production of exserohilum turcicum by a twophase system. These diseases include southern corn leaf blight caused by cochliobolus heterostrophus, northern corn leaf blight caused by setosphaeria turcica, and northern corn leaf spot caused by cochliobolus carbonum. Treikale o, javoisha b, pugacheva e, vigule z, feodorovafedotova l.
Helminthosporium diseases of turf are a group of common, cool season turfgrass diseases including helminthosporium leaf spot and melting. The institute of food and agricultural sciences ifas is an equal opportunity institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with nondiscrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. Sokka reddy4 1pg student, department of plant pathology, college of agriculture, acharya n g ranga agricultural university, rajendranagar, hyderabad 500030, andhra pradesh, india. Genetic analysis of exserohilum turcicum lesion expansion on corn. Spots caused by maize northern leaf blight are larger, and fewer than spots caused by southern leaf blight, and they are mostly on the leaves see fact sheet no. They are much smaller, with more or less parallel sides and a lighter, almost creamy white color. As is the case with northern leaf blight, the lesions appear on the lower leaves. Symptoms include grayish green, tan, or brown elliptical spots that appear on. Field corn xi helminthosporium leaf blight howard f. Grow resistant varieties where they are available and are recommended. This disease is caused by a group of fungi that is active over a wide. Efficacies of some fungicides and antagonists in controlling northern. In couch, helminthosporium causes dark brown or white net blotches on the leaves. All possible crosses between four corn inbred lines known to differ in expansion curve appeared to be under host genotype control.
Helminthosporium article about helminthosporium by the free. Morphological characteristics of exserohilum turcicum conidia. Different species of these fungal pathogens affect different species of turfgrass. New resistance genes in the zea mays exserohilum turcicum pathosystem. Helminthosporium turf diseases hye sook kim and brian hudelson, uwplant pathology geunhwa jung, university of massachusetts amherstplant, soil and insect sciences what are helminthosporium turf diseases.
As many lesions enlarge and merge, entire leaves may be covered. All warmseason turfgrasses can be affected, but the disease is usually most serious on bermudagrass. Physiological specialisation in helminthosporium turcicum. Northern corn leaf blight, exserohilum turcicum, fungicides, antagonists. A linkage map spanning 112 rflp loci with 15 cm mean interval length was constructed, based on marker data recorded in a. Interval mapping of genes for quantitative resistance of. The antifungal activity of the 15 new compounds were evaluated in vitro against five pathogenic fungi, including sclerotinia sclerotiorum, gibberella zeae, rhizoctonia solani, helminthosporium maydis and botrytis cinerea. Helminthosporium solani helmsooverview eppo global database. Traditional allergy tests utilize the skin prick method also known as a puncture or scratch test to determine whether an allergic reaction will occur by inserting possible triggers into your skin using a needle prick. Pdf characterisation and pathological variability of exserohilum. This disease is caused by a group of fungi bipolaris, drechslera, and exserohilum spp. Identification and life cycle helminthosporium leaf blight is a general term for several diseases caused by several fungi formerly known as helminthosporium spp. The fungus causes a cosmetic effect on the tubers in the form of a surface blemish which. Shotwell the recent outbreak of the southern corn blight is caused by race t of fiel1l1intlzosporiulil lilaydis, a species in.